Skin disorders in dogs and cats

Skin Disorders in Dogs and Cats

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Abscess Acral Lick Dermatitis Allergies Atopy in Dogs Dermatophytosis (ringworm) Eosinophilic Plaques Flea Bite Allergy	Nasal Solar Dermatitis Psychogenic Dermatitis in Cats Pyoderma Rodent Ulcer Seborrhea Skin and Coat Care in Cats Skin and Coat Care in Dogs	Back to home page

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Abscesses General Information: An abscess is a pocket of infection that contains pus. These infected areas are surrounded by a membrane so that they are similar to a thick walled balloon filled with fluid. Abscesses may be large or small, single or multiple. An abscess in the skin feels hot, looks red and swollen, and is painful.
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Abscesses often result from puncture wounds, scratches, or bites. Sometimes the skin surface seals quickly, trapping bacteria below the skin surface. These bacteria produce the abscess.
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Abscesses may require both surgical and medical treatment, depending on their size, location, stage of development, and effect on the animal. The veterinarian will advise you if surgical treatment is needed.
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Most pets with an abscess are less active. Your pet’s activity should be restricted until the infection is eliminated. If your pet’s abscess drains, clean the area thoroughly and consult with the veterinarian. Be careful that you and other family members do not come in direct contact with the pus. Wash well if it should happen.
. Notify your veterinarian if any of the following occur:

Swelling redness or heat around the abscess increases.
Your pet’s abscess does not heal.

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Acral Lick Dermatitis (lick granuloma)
. General Information: Acral dermatitis is a skin condition resulting from repeated licking. At first there is only a small area of hair loss, but with constant licking, a thickened, raised plaque develops. Often this raised sore is raw, inflamed, and ulcerated.
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Lick granulomas occur primarily in dogs left alone for long periods. Boredom is usually responsible for the licking habit. Certain breeds, such as Dobermans, Great Danes, Labrador Retrievers, Irish Setters, and German Shepherds, are more likely to develop the condition. While the condition can occur at any age, most dogs are over 5 years old when the sores first appear.
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Stress may also stimulate abnormal licking. Causes of stress include a new pet or baby in the home, the death or absence of a family member or a companion dog, or a nearby female that is "in heat."
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Obviously, many things could be upsetting or stressful to dogs left alone or confined for long periods. It is important to understand that the dog’s problem is psychological and not physical. A thorough analysis of the dog’s environment is necessary to determine the cause.
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Lick granuloma is very difficult to treat. If the underlying psychogenic cause cannot be corrected, the lick sore may never be cured. Whenever possible, exercise your dog and spend more time with it to keep its mind off licking. Various treatments are used in treating lick granulomas. They include lotions, creams, pills, injections, bandages, or other devices to prevent licking, surgical removal of sores, and mood-altering drugs, such as tranquilizers and barbiturates. The treatment depends on such factors as the size and severity affected, and time available for the owner to work with the dog.
. Notify your veterinarian if any of the following occur:

Your dog continues to lick the sore.
Your dog’s sore enlarges.
Your dog’s sore is red, hot or swollen, or oozes fluid or pus.
Your dog removes any protective bandages or wraps.

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Allergies General Information: Pets that scratch excessively may be allergic to something. Some pets are affected at certain times of the year, while others have problems only occasionally or even continually. Pets may be allergic to such things as flea bites, pollens, molds, grasses, trees, wool, tobacco smoke, certain foods, and even other pets. Regardless of the offending agent (allergen), the main signs are scratching and chewing the skin, which may result in extensive skin damage. The damaged skin is highly susceptible to bacterial infection.
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The best treatment is to determine the cause of the allergy and avoid it. As this is not always possible, various control measures are taken to relieve itching and allow your pet to live comfortably. Retreatment is often necessary and should be started at the first reappearance of itching and scratching. Some pets require continual treatment. Regular bathing and grooming may be necessary to remove allergens from the coat and maintain a healthy coat.
. Notify your veterinarian if any of the following occur:

Your pet’s signs recur after an apparent recovery.
Your pet’s discomfort continues.
Your pet’s condition worsens or spreads.

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Atopy in Dogs General Information: Atopy is an intensely itchy skin condition caused primarily by inhaled allergens, such as molds, pollens, and dust. Occasionally atopy results from allergens that are absorbed through the skin or eaten. Dogs with atopy are genetically predisposed to the condition, and certain breeds, such as Schnauzers, Irish Setters, Boston Terriers, Scottish Terriers, West Highland White Terriers, Cairn Terriers, and Wire Haired Terriers, are most commonly affected than other breeds. Female dogs are more likely to be affected than males. Atopy usually first occurs at 1-3 years of age.
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Atopy may be seasonal or nonseasonal, but most dogs with atopy eventually have nonseasonal signs. About ¾ of atopic dogs first develop signs from spring to fall.
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Itching is the main sign of atopy. Chewing, scratching, and bacterial infection damage the skin. The face, feet, and abdomen are usually the first areas affected. Besides skin problems, other signs, such as a runny nose, asthma, cataracts, and urinary and gastrointestinal disorders, occasionally occur.
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Both skin and blood tests are used to identify the cause of the allergy. Your veterinarian will advise you if either of these types of tests are necessary. Keeping your dog away from the cause of the allergy is not always practical or possible. When the cause is known and avoidance is possible, this is the best means of atopy control. Treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs is often the most effective means of controlling atopy. In some dogs, however, these drugs become less effective as time passes and may cause undesirable side effects. Desensitizing injections ("allergy shots") may help if avoidance or drug therapy is ineffective. Desensitization, however, is not always effective, and continued treatment is usually necessary. Regular bathing and grooming frequently help control atopy.
. Notify your veterinarian if any of the following occur:

Your dog’s discomfort is not relieved.
Your dog’s signs change.
Your dog’s conditions spread.

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Dermatophytosis (ringworm) General Information: Dermatophytosis is a fungal skin disease commonly called ringworm. The fungus lives on the skin surface in dead cells. As the fungus grows, it often spreads outward in a circular pattern; hence, the name ringworm.
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Fungi can be found in soil and on animals and people. Your pet may acquire a fungal infection from any of these sources and may pass the infection along to other animals or people.
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Fungal infections first appear as one or more small areas of hair loss that may be reddened or inflamed. As infection progresses, crusts form on the area of hair loss, the patches increase in number and size, and large portions of skin may become involved.
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Some normal appearing animals may be carriers of the disease.
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Local or total body clipping may be necessary in long haired animals. Cultures are often necessary to diagnose the disease and monitor the progress of the treatment. Medications used in treatment include topical creams and lotions, oral medications, and dip solutions. The type of medication used often depends on the severity of the disease. Handle your pet as little as possible. Exposure of other animals to your pet should be avoided if possible. Wash your hands after handling your pet.
. Notify your veterinarian if any of the following occur:

Your pet develops new areas of infection.
Your pet develops other types of sores.
Your other pets become infected.

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Eosinophilic Plaques (eosinophilic granuloma, feline lick granuloma)
. General Information: Eosinophilic plaques are well defined, raised sores with concave surfaces. They occur most commonly on the abdomen or inside thigh of adult cats. The sores itch intensely, and cats tend to lick them constantly. Their cause is unknown, but they may simply be due to the cat’s licking the area out of anxiety or boredom.
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Anti-inflammatory drugs are used to stop the itching and consequently the licking. This allows the sores to heal. Relapses are common, and long term treatment is often necessary. Restraint devices, such as wide brimmed (Elizabethan) collars that prevent the cat from reaching this area, may help.
. Notify your veterinarian if any of the following occur:

Your cat’s sores do not heal.
Your cat develops new sores or the initial sore spreads.

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Flea Bite Allergy General Information: Signs of flea bite allergy result from the animal’s hypersensitivity (allergy) to flea saliva or materials in flea saliva. In an allergic animal, the bite of one flea may cause a serious problem. Extensive skin damage may result from the animal’s biting, licking, and scratching. Though flea bite allergy can be treated, it often recurs since a) flea eggs may hatch up to 1 year after being laid; b) most of the flea’s life cycle occurs off the animal; c) your pet’s environment may be contaminated with fleas; and d) even an occasional flea bite can trigger the allergic reaction.
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Flea allergies are most troublesome in the summer and fall in areas with cold winters and warm summers. In warm climates on in heated flea infested houses, flea allergy may occur throughout the year.
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In cats, the main signs of flea allergy are excessive hair loss and small red papules with reddish-brown crusts. Sores are most prevalent around the neck, lower back, base of the tail, and abdomen. In dogs, the main signs of flea allergy are excessive hair loss and severe scratching and biting. Skin sores develop primarily around the base of the tail, up the middle of the back, and on the abdomen. Skin infections are common.
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Flea allergies usually worsen as animals age. Signs may begin earlier in the flea season and last longer. Also, skin reactions generally become more severe.
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Treatment includes flea control on the pet and in the environment, and suppression of the allergic reaction. Occasionally desensitization ("allergy shots") of the animal is attempted. Desensitization to flea saliva is controversial. In some cases, good results are achieved, while other animals fail to respond. The veterinarian will discuss the advisability of desensitization.
. Notify your veterinarian if any of the following occur:

Your pet damages its skin by biting or scratching.
Your ‘s skin becomes red, hot or puffy, or oozes fluid.
Your pet’s condition recurs after treatment.

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Nasal Solar Dermatitis (Collie nose)
. General Information: Nasal solar dermatitis resembles sunburn in people. Collies, Shetland Sheepdogs, and related breeds are most commonly affected; thus, the common name "Collie nose." Three factors are necessary to produce this disorder: 1) a hereditary predisposition to the condition; 2) lightly pigmented skin in the nose region; and 3) prolonged exposure to sunlight. Repeated exposure to sun may lead to bacterial infection of the skin and/or skin cancer.
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To control the problem, your pet should stay out of direct sunlight, especially from 10 AM to 4 PM. Tattooing the pink areas of the nose and face with black ink is the only long term means of control. Periodic touch ups may be necessary in some cases. Blackening the nonpigmented areas with felt tip markers or shoe polish may temporarily protect the skin. Application of sunscreen lotions may also provide some short term protection.
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With severe burns, oral or injectable antibiotics may be necessary, as well as antibiotic cream or ointment applied directly to the burned area.
. Notify your veterinarian if any of the following occur:

Your pet’s condition worsens or fails to improve.
Your pet’s tattooed areas begin to lighten.

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Psychogenic Dermatitis in Cats (neurodermatitis, hyperesthesia)
. General Information: Psychogenic dermatitis is a disease of cats that involves intense licking of a local skin area. The cat’s barbed, rough tongue causes severe irritation to the skin. This exposes sensitive nerve endings, stimulating the cat to lick even more and so produce further damage. The cause may be skin irritation or infection, ear or anal sac infections, or simply a nervous habit. Eventual hair loss and extensive skin damage result.
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Psychogenic dermatitis is frequently due to an anxiety precipitated by a change in environment, such as a new baby or pet, new surroundings, boarding, loss of a companion pet or family member, or being threatened by a neighboring cat or insensitive family member. Siamese and Abyssinian cats are most likely to be affected.
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If the cat’s licking can be stopped, the sores heal quickly. In many cases, however, breaking the itch-lick cycle is very difficult and requires much patience from the owner. Direct application of medication to the sores rarely helps, since the cat usually licks it off immediately. Treatment consists of oral or injectable medications designed to stop the cat’s licking. In some cases, barriers to licking, such as bandages or obstructing collars, are beneficial. Sedation may also help. A thorough analysis of any recent environment changes may reveal the underlying cause, which may then be corrected.
. Notify your veterinarian if any of the following occur:

Your cat continues to lick the skin.
Your cat develops new sores or the condition spreads.
Your cat’s signs return after an apparent recovery.

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Pyoderma General Information: Skin infections caused by pus producing bacteria are called pyodermas. Pyodermas may Involve only the outermost skin layers (superficial pyoderma) or deeper skin layers (deep pyoderma). These infections require rigorous treatment. Sometimes a combination of treatments may be needed for a prolonged period.
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Pyodermas can be especially difficult to treat, and in some cases, the chances of recovery are poor. Occasionally the bacteria causing the infection are highly resistant to antibiotics, and finding an effective medication can be difficult. Repeated cultures of the skin may be necessary. Some cases require one or more surgical treatments.
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Regular treatment as directed is essential. Good results cannot be achieved with less than a complete effort. Please speak with the veterinarian if you cannot complete the prescribed treatments. Severe restrictions on activity are necessary in widespread pyoderma. Localized pyoderma usually requires little change in activity.
. Notify your veterinarian if any of the following occur:

Your pet’s skin problem spreads or worsens.
Your pet’s condition returns after apparent recovery.

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Rodent Ulcer (eosinophilic granuloma)
. General Information: Rodent ulcers usually first appear as a small, open sore on the upper lip, just below the nose. The center of the sore has an ulcerated ("scooped out") appearance. If untreated, the sore usually increases in size and depth. In severe cases, the sore may involve the entire upper lip and extend into the mouth. Rodent ulcers occasionally appear in other areas, such as on the back legs.
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These sores are not usually painful and generally occur in female cats averaging 5-6 years of age. Their cause is unknown, but constant licking of the ulcers probably enlarges them. These ulcers occasionally become cancerous (squamous cell carcinoma).
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Most rodent ulcers respond well to treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs. Frequency and length of treatment depend on the severity of the condition. Your veterinarian will discuss the treatment necessary for your pet. Ulcers that do not heal fully with drug therapy may require surgical removal.
. Notify your veterinarian if any of the following occur:

Your pet’s ulcers do not heal.
Your pet develops new ulcers or sores in other areas of the body.
Your pet’s ulcers return after an apparent recovery.

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Seborrhea General Information: Sebum is a normal product of certain skin glands. In seborrhea, excessive sebum is produced and appears as dry, light colored flakes in the hair coat or as greasy, waxy scales on the skin and hair. Because sebum is a fatty material, it becomes rancid and causes a strong coat odor.
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Seborrhea may occur as a disease by itself (primary seborrhea) or result from an underlying disease (secondary seborrhea). While secondary seborrhea often clears up when the underlying disease is cured, primary seborrhea is a chronic disease that may be controlled but not cured. The cause of primary seborrhea is unknown.
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Anti-seborrheic shampoos must be used on a regular basis to remove accumulated sebum, prevent skin irritations, and control odor. Treatment must be tailored to the individual patient. No restrictions in activity are necessary unless your pet’s skin is quite inflamed. Then your pet should be confined until the condition improves. In some cases, surgical sterilization (spay or neuter) helps decrease sebum production.
. Notify your veterinarian if any of the following occur:

Your pet’s skin becomes more inflamed.
Your pet’s discomfort is not relieved.

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Skin and Coat Care in Cats General Information: By following basic guidelines, you can easily care for your cat’s coat and skin. Certain general principles apply to the care of all cats:
1. The coat and skin reflect your cat’s general health. A healthy cat has far fewer skin and coat problems.
2. Parasites, such as fleas and intestinal worms, affect the skin and coat. Follow the veterinarian’s suggestion for parasite control.
3. Proper nutrition is essential for healthy skin and coat. Discuss your cat’s diet with your veterinarian.
4. Routine grooming not only prevents skin and/or coat problems, but also enables you to detect problems before they become extensive.
5. Most cats seldom require bathing. If bathing is necessary, use a mild shampoo, rinse well, and dry quickly with towels and a hair dryer.
6. Both long and short haired cats require regular grooming, but a long haired cat should be combed daily without fail. A short haired cat should be brushed at least once a week. A good quality stainless steel pet comb should be used to gently comb through the hair. Special attention should be given to areas where mats are likely to form: behind the ears, under the front legs, on the stomach and back legs, and under the tail.
. Dos 1. Do train your cat to accept regular grooming, beginning when it is a young kitten. Make the experience as pleasant as possible for the cat by being gentle but persistent.
2. Do keep the nails trimmed, check the teeth for tartar, and examine the ears, eyes, anal region, and skin while grooming your pet. If you find problems, consult a veterinarian.
. Don’ts 1. Don’t lose your patience while grooming. If the task becomes trying, stop and begin later. Your cat will resist being groomed if you become and impatient.
2. Don’t neglect mats in your cat’s coat. Tease the mats apart gently and comb it out with as little pulling as possible. Always remove mats before bathing, as soaking a mat will only tighten it. If a mat must be cut out with scissors, be very careful not to cut the skin. Sometimes long haired cats become so matted that the entire coat must be clipped.
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Skin and Coat Care in Dogs General Information: The coat and skin often reflect your dog’s general health. A healthy dog has far few skin and coat problems.
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Clean surroundings for your dog prevent many skin and coat problems. Outside kennels should be kept clean, and bedding should be changed regularly.
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Internal and external parasites, such as hookworms and fleas, can have a great effect on the skin and coat. Follow the veterinarian’s suggestion for parasite control.
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Proper nutrition plays an important role in general health, including that of the skin and coat. An excess or deficiency of certain nutrients can cause problems. Discuss your dog’s diet with your veterinarian. Any suggested changes can prevent future problems.
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Routine grooming not only prevents skin and/or coat problems, but also enables you to detect problems before they become extensive.
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Bathing should be done as often as necessary to keep your dog clean. However, bathing softens the coats of breeds whose coats should be hard and wiry, may remove natural oils, and may dull the coat. Long coated breeds should be brushed thoroughly before bathing, as matted and tangled hair will tightened after bathing and drying. Products are available to restore coat oils after bathing and keep hair more manageable. Consult the veterinarian about proper shampoos and rinses for your dog.
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Depending on the breed, grooming the hair may involve both cutting and combing. Some breeds have special style patterns. Generally these dogs are trimmed and groomed by professional groomers. If you wish to undertake this project yourself, consult your library or bookstore for grooming information. Dead hair and mats should be removed regularly to prevent skin disorders. If you wish to groom and trim your pet instead of enlisting a professional groomer, some important "dos" and "don’ts":
. Dos 1. Do provide the proper facilities and equipment necessary for grooming. A room with few distractions is best. A solid table or bench is needed. Proper tools make the task much easier and the results far better. Familiarize yourself with the equipment needed for your dog'’ breed and buy good quality products.
2. Do groom your dog frequently and regularly. Train your pet to accept the grooming procedure. Be firm, but make the experience as pleasant as possible. Many dogs enjoy the attention they get during grooming.
3. Do trim your dog’s nails, check the teeth for tartar, and examine the ears, eyes, anal region, and skin while grooming your dog. If your find problems, consult the veterinarian without delay.
4. Do consult the veterinarian about a bland eye ointment to keep soap from irritating your pet’s eyes during bathing.
5. Do place cotton in your dog’s ears while bathing.
. Don’ts 1. Don’t lose your patience while grooming. If the task becomes trying, stop and try again later.
2. Don’t neglect mats in your cat’s coat or they will become larger. Gently tease and comb them out. Special combs are available to help remove mats. If a mat must be cut out with scissors, be very careful not to cut the skin. If an animal is badly matted, clipping the entire body may be necessary.